Albert Einstein

 

After Einstein's death, a famous newspaper published a beautiful picture. His caption read, numerous galaxies-stars-planets moving in space. Only one bears the inscription "Einstein Lived Here."

Einstein introduced this tiny world into the infinite universe. To the common man, the name of Einstein evokes a sense of reverence that is unparalleled. We all know that his theory of relativity is the best example of mindfulness. But what this theory is, is incomprehensible to most people. Educated Manse Einstein is the modern Newton. These two analyzed the physical universe to its most basic elements and brought about a radical change in the human view of nature.

More comparisons can be made between them. Both of them did not understand in their youth that one day the jewel of talent would adorn their necks. Newton worked in the fields and his talent blossomed only when he completed his undergraduate studies at Cambridge. Einstein almost enrolled in the group of drop-outs.

His extraordinary talent was unknown at the university and he remained unknown until his essays were published. Newton was also unknown as a graduate student, although he made a deep impression on Lucasian professor Isaac Barrow. Realizing the talent of the student, the teacher himself resigned and recommended Newton to replace him. On the other hand, Einstein could not make any special mark in anyone's mind. No one even invited him for an assistantship, and Einstein's father received no reply even after writing to the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Outworld. Again, this Ostwald recommended Einstein's name for the Nobel Prize in 1910.

Albert Einstein's parents Hermann and Pauline were liberal German Jews. Herman's financial acumen was not great and his business acumen was even less. Albert was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm. A year later, Hermann came to Munich with his family and started an electro-chemical business. Einstein was a complete introvert from childhood. It was so late to speak that the parents were worried. Albert was a quiet, dreamy boy who was not very fond of sports and had a slow demeanor that annoyed the adults. Parents were liberal about religion. So they sent the son to a nearby Catholic school, where he was the only Jewish boy in the class.

But the mechanical discipline of the German school seemed unbearable to him, and so at the age of ten, he was admitted to the Luitpold Gymnasium. Here too his experience was the same. Yet here he got a geometry book at the age of twelve and read it all at once. The discipline and logic of geometric theorems became his lifelong companion.

When Albert was fifteen, his father's business suffered another setback. Thinking that there would be more opportunities in Milan, the parents moved there with the younger sister. Albert was initially left at a relative's house. The lack of close friends at school and the uncomfortable family environment all prompted Albert to leave Munich. A teacher clearly told him that nothing would happen to him. So he should drop out of school. Because his presence destroys the mental peace of teachers and students. Overjoyed, Einstein ran off into the sunlit wilderness of Italy.

Herman's business in Milan was also not going well. With the help of well-to-do relatives, Albert applied for admission to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, but because he did not have a gymnasium diploma, he had to take an entrance exam and failed there. So he had to get admitted in Arora's school again to remove his handicap. After that, however, he did not have any difficulty in getting admission in the polytechnic.

After admission, since the subjects are all related to mathematics and physics, it is natural to expect Einstein to do better than everyone else. But it didn't happen. Seeing so many different parts of mathematics, he could not understand which one was more useful. So he decided that he didn't need any. He had no particular difficulty in physics, but as he found the discipline of the classroom intolerable, he studied in his own room. Friend Marcel Gosman's class notes helped him pass the exam.

After graduating in 1900, Einstein could not find a job as a teacher. For two years he made a living by working as a substitute teacher or coaching students. With the help of the Grossmann family, he then found a job as a patent-examiner third class in the patent office in the city of Bern. It was here that Einstein found a fairly satisfactory place, where he could find time to work in peace.

The fruit of his lonely thoughts were three extraordinary papers published in 1905, for any one of which Einstein would have been immortalized in the history of physics. In the first of these, he expanded Planck's quantum concept of energy to create the concept of light particles. Through this, it is possible to give a fair explanation of the phenomenon of light electricity or photo-electricity. The second paper was on Brownian motion, which accepted the reality of gas molecules and gave an idea of the shape of gas molecules from the motion of particles floating in a stream. And the third essay was on relativity, which completely changed our conception of time.

Einstein's main thesis in these three essays has been proven numerous times in various experiments in the following years. At the age of twenty-six, he can be said to have single-handedly brought about a revolution in the world of ideas. At the time of creating these ideas, he was a mere employee of the patent office and completely unaffiliated with the research world. Years later, Einstein said, "He had never met a theoretical physicist until he was 30 years old." He seems never to have felt any need to verify his ideas in the research world, as he never had any doubts about their correctness.

But interestingly, the Nobel Prize Committee only discussed Einstein's contribution from 1910 to 1922, but could not decide. In 1922 the committee decided to award him the 1921 prize "for his contributions to theoretical physics, particularly, the discovery of the law of photoelectric processes."

It should be noted that Einstein was not awarded the Nobel Prize for the theory of relativity. Because the experimental evidence (specific and general) of this theory was not considered sufficient. Galstrand, the expert on the Nobel committee, was a physicist, and Arrhenius a chemist—both opposed to Einstein receiving the Nobel Prize. Physicists, however, repeatedly named Einstein. In Breloir's words, "What will people think fifty years from now, if Einstein's name is not on the list of Nobel laureates?"

Around 1909, Einstein's contribution gradually began to gain recognition and recognition in the scientific community. It was a professor at the University of Krakow who first read Einstein's paper on relativity and commented, "A new Copernicus has been born."

The University of Bern first appointed him as an assistant professor. From here he was appointed as a professor of theoretical physics in Prague after working as an associate professor in Zurich for some time. But as his wife Mileva did not like the city of Prague, he returned to the Zurich Polytechnic in 1912. The following year, through Planck's earnest efforts, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute in Berlin and professor at the University of Berlin. He divorced Mileva shortly after arriving in Berlin, and after receiving the Nobel Prize, he gave the entire prize money (thirty thousand dollars) to Mileva.

After a while, he became attached to his distant relative Elsa, although in reality, Einstein was lonely for the rest of his life.

I am really lonely. I was never wholeheartedly attached to the country, the homeland, the circle of friends, or even the immediate family. Rather, these relationships have always brought me a sense of isolation and the need to be alone.

One thing is clear from the vast scope of Einstein's research each of his works is profoundly original. He had an extraordinary ability, to which he could get to the root of every problem. Let's talk about light particles or photons. Although Max Planck introduced the concept of energy clusters or quanta from the spectral distribution of black matter radiation, he himself was not very comfortable with this quanta. He believed that energy bundles are required only during the emission and absorption of radiation but at other times radiation is a wave in nature. Einstein dismissed this quasi-state entirely, saying, "Actually, it seems to me that the observed results can only be explained by the assumption that the energy of the radiation is distributed discretely in space."

Einstein proved that Planck's Law, which states that the energy of a photon is equal to the product of its frequency and Planck's constant, can be obtained by applying numerical theory to radiation as light particles or photons. That is, "monochromatic radiation behaves as if it were composed of individual energy quanta."

The most beautiful evidence of light particles or photons is light reflection, i.e., when light falls on a metal, electrons are released from the metal, but the kinetic energy of the released electrons does not depend on the intensity of the incident light, but on its color. In Einstein's words, “The simplest explanation is that each quantum transfers its entire energy to a single electron. So the momentum distribution of electrons....does not depend on the intensity of the incident radiation, but the number of electrons emitted depends on the intensity of the incident radiation.”

Einstein won the Nobel Prize for this simple explanation. But his greatest achievement is undoubtedly the theory of general relativity which is a singular creation of a single human mind. For the first time in the history of science, the laws of nature were interwoven with the geometry of the earth, and as a result, in the words of Hermann Weil, "it seemed as if the wall that had separated us from the truth fell down."

What is the basis of general relativity? To answer this question, we have to go back to the theory of special relativity. In the special theory of relativity, Einstein stated that if there is no gravitational force and the observer is unaccelerated, then all inertial frames (all coordinates moving in constant motion relative to each other) are equivalent and equally useful for expressing the laws of nature. That is, no absolute inert structure (fixed ether) exists. All inert structures are equivalent and the speed of light is constant - these two ideas led to the creation of special relativity and now all concepts of absolute time, absolute space, absolute motion, absolute epoch, etc. have no meaning.

But as long as inertia is considered to be the special context structure of nature, gravity cannot be drawn into the theory of relativity. This is because the force of gravity causes acceleration in objects and there is no such system in which objects move at a constant velocity under gravity. So an extension or generalization of the special theory of relativity is necessary if we want to bring the theory of gravitational force. Einstein observed that an object's inertial mass, that is, the force with which it opposes an applied force, and its gravitational mass, which causes the object to weigh, are exactly the same. The equality of inertial and gravitating masses is a proven fact, and Einstein gave this equality the status of an essential principle of physics, calling it the Principle of Equivalence. Since inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal, the gravitational field behaves as if there were no gravitational force but only the acceleration of the inert structure, resulting in the mass we experience.

Stated differently, the principle of equivalence states that mass and gravitational force are interchangeable because of the small area. These two balls are equal. So in small spaces, the gravitational field can be canceled by creating an appropriate acceleration, such as by arranging a free-falling elevator or rotating spacecraft. That is, what one observer sees as a gravitational force may be seen by another as an inertial force.

The theory of special relativity assumed that the laws of nature would be identical when going through Lorentz transformations from one inert frame to another. But this is no longer true when using gravitational forces or accelerated context structures. In that case, the expression of the laws of nature must be such that they remain invariant under the most generalized coordinate transformation, not just the Lorentz transformation.

The general coordinate transformation means that the concept of Newtonian force is no longer needed. From Newton's first law of motion, we know that an object moves in a straight line with uniform motion unless a force is applied to it. That is, the existence of an active force on an object can be understood by seeing its deviation from its simple linear motion. But general relativity states that the deviation is not caused by a force but rather by a difference in the underlying geometry. That is, free matter moves in the characteristic 'straight line' of space geometry. But the geometry of space in the presence of gravity is not Euclidean. Thus, what Newton called the force of gravity is actually a non-Euclidean property of space. This is how Einstein arrived at the geometric explanation of gravity.

It should be remembered that the world of special relativity is just an extension of the four-dimensional world of the Euclidean world. That is, space is flat here. So by the same logic, the world of general relativity is the curved world of non-Euclidean geometry. For example, the motion of a free particle on a flat two-dimensional surface is linear. But on a two-dimensional curved surface (eg on a sphere) the particles follow the curvature of the surface. The theory of curved space had already been developed by Gauss, Riemann, and other mathematicians. Using this mathematics (tensor calculus), Einstein derived a set of equations, called Einstein's field equations.

Newton's law of gravitation was derived from Einstein's field equations in the first sky, which formed the basis of Newton's theory of gravitation two hundred years later. At the end of Einstein's March 1916 Essay on General Relativity, three predictions were mentioned: the linear gradient of the spectrum, the deflection of light from the Sun, and the simple precession of Mercury. Einstein's calculation of the follower yield came to 43" per century, which agrees nicely with the experimental results. At the time, nothing was known about the redshift of the spectrum, but it was only after Hubble's evidence was found in the expanding universe and the deflection of light was detected in the 1919 Solar Eclipse Expedition led by Eddington that Einstein's name became widespread.

All tests so far have proven general relativity to be correct, but new tests are being devised all the time. For example, Rebecca and Pound's experiment. It can be said that the survival of general relativity is a matter of speculation for some, honest hope for some, but deep faith for many. Modern cosmology began with Einstein's 1917 essay applying the theory of general relativity to the creation of the universe. Solution of Einstein Schwarzschild's equation, Robertson-Walker metric, black holes, white dwarfs, neutron stars, and many more are direct or indirect contributions to general relativity.

Germany's fierce nationalism always troubled Einstein. That is why he adopted first Swiss and then American nationality, but he never really confined himself to the small borders of any country. Like Rabindranath, Einstein considered himself a citizen of the world. He did not want to be the head of state of the Jewish state, although at one point he actively helped establish the state. He was saved by a Swiss passport. But just before World War II, Hitler's Nazis tracked him down and he fled to Ostend, Belgium. Einstein's theory of relativity may not be understood by many, but everyone agrees that he is incomparable as a free-spirited man. The time difference between Einstein and Newton is two hundred years. So it can be said that in two hundred years a Newton or an Einstein appeared in physics and reshaped physics and handed it over to the next generation.

Einstein said, even if people understand the theory of nature, they don't understand anything about politics. Moreover, the post of President is only for decoration. He can never support what his conscience cannot accept, even if it is beautiful. Nearing the end of his life, at the request of the English philosopher Bertrand Russell, Khasra began writing for world peace. But could not finish. His life ended on 18 April 1955. According to his wishes, the dead body was cremated. It is heard that his brain was taken to a laboratory for testing. No one has revealed anything else about him.